The Permanent Peoples' Tribunal (PPT) released a preliminary declaration on May 29, 2026, accusing Canada of committing genocide against Indigenous populations, particularly concerning the historical operation of residential schools. After a week of hearings in Montreal, the panel concluded that the actions described by survivors fit the criteria for genocide as defined under international law.

Co-chair Frances Webber stated that genocide does not solely entail mass killings; it can manifest as a systematic and prolonged process over centuries. The tribunal highlighted specific policies, such as the forced removal of Indigenous children from their families, which reflect genocidal intent. The tribunal emphasized that the Canadian government has historically enacted policies that comprise crimes against humanity.

The panel noted various forms of abuse reported by survivors, including enforced disappearances, torture, sexual violence, and denial of basic living conditions. These systemic injustices were referred to as manifestations of genocide, positioning Canada's actions within a broader historical and contemporary context of oppression.

Māori barrister Valmaine Toki, another co-chair of the tribunal, described the Canadian government's response as inadequate, criticizing its failure to genuinely engage with Indigenous communities and address historical grievances. She emphasized that "state responsibility for violation continues until they stop and are relieved," indicating that the issue is far from resolved.

The tribunal's findings come ahead of a complete report expected on September 30, coinciding with the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation in Canada. The severity of these declarations signals a critical moment for accountability and potential action regarding the treatment of Indigenous peoples in Canada.